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So this got brought up tonight. If the ball ends up here what is the rule? Since it’s in a hazard do you have to leave it lie or do you get relief from the path??
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Some comments from a local rules official:
1) The answers which indicated there is no relief are correct. The ball lies within a penalty area. There is no relief for interference from an immovable obstruction in a penalty area. Even if you're standing on the cart path outside the penalty area to play the shot, that does not matter. Where the ball lies is the deciding factor. You may play it as it lies or take relief from the penalty area with a 1-stroke penalty.
2) Once the ball is outside the penalty area, the rules for free relief from an immovable obstruction apply again. If you drop your ball and it ends up on the cart path outside the penalty area, you may proceed with the procedure for obtaining free relief from the cart path. Or, as others have said, you may take "back on a line" relief and go as far back as you wish. It is important to note that "on a line back" is on a line formed by where the ball crossed the boundary of the penalty area and the flagstick, NOT the "line of flight" as the ball entered the penalty area. This is a common misunderstanding of many golfers.
3) The reason for marking being on the cart path is there is no space between the margin of the penalty area and the obstruction. A penalty area needs its margin to be clearly defined. It's not possible to paint across the rocks and have a clearly defined line. So, in this case, the staff chose to mark on the cart path. I agree they could have marked closer to the edge (and it appears they did when it was formerly defined as a yellow penalty area). If the edge of the cart path is always well-defined, the committee could also have chosen to say "the edge of the cart path defines the penalty area." However, that can be confusing for players and result in improper relief and a mess to deal with.
4) You're absolutely right that such a situation, would create a great deal of controversy even though the rules official would have done nothing wrong. Such is the state of golf rules. After years of people complaining about the pace of play, one of the changes for 2019 was 3 minutes to look for a lost ball. Almost everybody applauded that change. What's the first thing I hear during the Open coverage? "Graham McDowell was forced to take a penalty because the rules official timed his 3 minutes. That was ridiculous and wrong that he had to take a penalty. He barely had time to look. Someone needs to apply common sense to the time allowed to search for a lost ball. In short, you just can't win. Graham was correctly penalized and then people were angry he was penalized.
here is the one problem though. You say "where the ball lies is the deciding factor"
Imo I can see the argument that the ball lies on a cart path and should be treated as such. And I also get the other side would say but the ball also lies in a hazard and that's what needs to be followed.
There honestly is just too much wrong with this whole thing. Its simply a bad marking of a hazard and really shouldn't be done like this.